# # Unit defintions # 18 May 2001 M-J. Dominus (mjd-perl-units+@plover.com). # This file is in the PUBLIC DOMAIN. # All rights abandoned. # # If you discover definitions of units that do not appear in this # file, you are invited to mail them to mjd-perl-units+@plover.com, so # that I can include them in a future version. Please include the # date of this file, 18 May 2001, with all such submissions. # If a unit is defined as `***', that means # it has no definition because it is a fundamental unit. # Fundamental units: # Seven instrinsic SI units: gram *** meter *** second *** ampere *** candela *** Kelvin *** mole *** # Two supplementary units radian *** steradian *** # Some miscellany dollar *** bit *** sheet *** # Of paper turn *** # Of coiled wire # DIMENSIONLESS pi 3.1415926535897932386 two 2 half 1|2 e 2.718281828459045 # Why did I put this in? Oh, I don't know. Neper 1 # Unit of logarithmic ratio Np Neper # Would it be better to make this a fundamental unit? bel .868588963 Np # 2/ln(10) actually B bel dB decibel # LENGTH m meter km kilometer cm centimeter mm millimeter micron micrometer inch 2.54 cm # This is the official definition and is exact in inch inches inch # plural foot 12 inch ft foot feet foot yard 3 feet yd yard mile 5280 feet mi mile nautical 1.151 # For `nautical mile' parsec 1.91615e13 mi # light year will be implied by `year' and `light' below fathom 6 ft cable 120 fathoms league 3 mi bolt 25 yd # Of cloth; bolt length varies from bolt to bolt # 25 yd is typical cubit 18 in ell 45 in # More or less standard, although other ells # have also been used. hand 4 in palm 3 in span 9 in pace 2.5ft astronomicalunit 92.9 megamiles # Is this exact? au astronomicalunit rope 20 ft skein 360 feet # Surveyor's furlong 1|8 mi chain 1|10 furlong rod 1|4 chain link 1|100 chain # Typographic point .013837 in pt point bigpoint 1|72 in pica 12 pt didot 1238|1157 pt dd didot cicero 12dd # TeX likes to abbreviate this to cc, but cc is cubic centimeter scaledpoint 1|65536 pt # Internal to TeX sp scaledpoint # AREA are (10 m)2 # Implies `hectare' acre chain furlong # Now you know why an acre is the size it is rood 1|4 acre township 36 mi2 # Who uses these? barn (1.0E-12 centimeter)2 # Particle physics board 144 in3/ft # Implies `board feet' # VOLUME cc cm3 liter (decimeter)3 ml milliliter stere m3 floz 29.573 ml # `floz' means `fluid ounce', which is different # from `ounce', which is a measurement of mass. # See `pound' below for more details. fldram 1|8 floz minim 1|60 fldram cup 8 floz cu cup gill 1|2 cup pint two cups quart two pints pottle two quarts # Yup! gallon two pottles qt quart gal gallon tablespoon 1|2 floz tbsp tablespoon teaspoon 1|3 tbsp tsp teaspoon cordfoot 16 ft2 # NOT the same as `cord foot'. cordfeet cordfoot cord 8 cordfeet # Barrels are complicated. `Barrel' here means `U.S. liquid barrel'. barrel 31.5 gal bbl barrel hogshead two barrels butt two hogsheads tun two butts firkin 9 gal # American firkin, not British firkin perch 24.75 ft3 # Masonry puncheon 84 gal # Following units contributed 20011217 Thomas R Wyant III fifth 1|5 gallon magnum 2.5 fifth jeroboam 4 fifth rehoboam 7.5 fifth methuselah 10 fifth shalmanazar 14 fifth balthazar 20 fifth nebuchadnezzar 25 fifth # Delightful British liquid volumes; they all begin with `brit'. britfloz 28.41225 ml britminim 1|480 britfloz britdrachm 1|8 britfloz drachm britdrachm # U.S. drachm is spelled `dram'. britgill 5 britfloz # five, NOT four. britnoggin britgill noggin britnoggin # Yeah, as though anyone else would have a `noggin.' britpint 4 britgill britpt britpint britquart 2 britpint britqt britquart britgallon 4 britquart britgal britgallon britpeck 2 britgal britfirkin 9 britgal britkilderkin two britfirkins kilderkin britkilderkin # kilderkin is British only britbucket 4 britgal # That's `britbucket,' not `bit bucket'. bucket britbucket # Buckets are brit only. britlast 2909.414 liters last britlast # Dry volume dry 1.164904862579 # For `dry pint,' `dry quart,' etc. peck 8 dry quarts bushel 4 pecks bu bushel seam 8bu bag 3bu imperial 1.201 # For `imperial pint,' etc. # MASS (also WEIGHT) # # To avoid confusing the end user, we will pretend that `pound' is # a unit of mass, interconvertible with `grams'. If you want # pounds of force, see `lbf,' below. In this section, `pound' # really means `mass of an object that weighs one-pound at the surface # of the Earth.' That is, in this program, `slug' has its usual # meaning, and `pound' is synonymous aith `slug'. g gram kg kilogram metricton kilokilogram tonne metricton mg milligram grain 64.79891 mg ounce 437.5 grains oz ounce pound 16 oz lb pound slug lb hundredweight 112 lb # This is the `long' hundredweight, analagous to # the long ton. There is also a `short' hundredwight, # but it's just a hectlb, so I put this one in instead. cwt hundredweight quarter 5 cwts longton 20 cwt ton longton short 100|112 # Convert long tons, cwts, and quarters to short. shortton short ton stone 14 lb cental 100 lb wey 252 lb # Obscure apothecaries' measures scruple 20 grains dram 3 scruples apothounce 480 grains apothoz apothounce apothpound 12 apothoz apothlb apothpound # Troy measures (for gold and precious stones) pennyweight 24 grains troyoz 480 grains # We can't define `troy' as a constant, # because there are 16 oz in a lb, but only # 12 troyoz in a troylb, so at least one of # `troy oz' or `troy lb' would be wrong. troylb 12 troyoz carat 3.08647 grain # Metric version. Is this useful? atomicmassunit 1.6605402e-27 kg # NIST 19990301 (+/- 0.10e-33 kg) amu atomicmassunit quintal 100kg # Metric quintal. Wasn't there another quintal? elvis 255lb # At the time of his death, the King weighed 255 lb. # TIME sec second s second minute 60 sec min minute hour 60 min hr hour day 24 hrs dy day # This will denote mean solar days siderealday 0.99726957 dys week 7 days wk week month 30 days lunarmonth 29.530588 days # Mean solar days meanmonth 730 hours mo month tropicalyear 365.24219 dys # Mean solar days siderealyear 365.25636 dys # Mean solar days leapyear 366 dys # Mean solar days calendaryear 365 dys # Mean solar days gregorianyear 365.2425 dys year tropicalyear # Correct on average for most calculations yr years fortnight two weeks decade 10 years century 100 years millennium 1000 years millennia millennium centuries century beat 1|1000 day # Swatch Internet Time (``Fuck the Sun'') # Velocity knot 1 nautical mi/hour mph 1 mi/hr # SCIENTIFIC # # Electromagnetic items, work, force, energy. # # Velocity c 299792458 m/s # NIST 19990301 EXACT light c # Implies `light year' # Absolute temperature kelvin Kelvin K Kelvin Rankine 5|9 K # This is a very funny unit Ra Rankine # Amount of substance mol mole Avogadro 6.0221367e23 avogadro Avogadro molecule 1 mole per Avogadro # 1 mole is an Avogagro-number of molecules # Current # The Ampere is fundamental here, defined as the constant current # which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite # length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1m apart in # vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2e-7 # newtons per meter of length. Ampere ampere amp ampere abampere 10 amps abamp abampere statampere 3.335635e-11 abamperes statamp statampere # What is this called? Is it capitalized? Is there an abbreviation? gilbert 0.79577472 ampere turns # Electrostatic charge Coulomb ampere sec coulomb Coulomb coul Coulomb C Coulomb electron 1.60217733e-19 C # Charge on the electron; implies electron-volts e electron abcoulomb 10C statcoulomb 3.335635e-11 abcoulomb # Force Newton kg m/s2 newton Newton N newton dyne g cm/s2 grav 9.8 m/s2 # Acceleration due to gravity gee grav # Actually the accleration varies with altitude and latitude, # from 9.78039 m/s2 at the equator to 9.83217 m/s2 at the poles. # This mean value corresponds to a latitude of about 38 degrees. lbf lb grav # Pressure Pascal N/m2 pascal Pascal Pa pascal atmosphere 101325 N/m2 # NIST 20010518 EXACT atm atmosphere bar megadyne/cm2 # Implies `millibars' mercury 1|760 atm/mm # Implies `mm mercury' and `inches mercury' hg mercury torricelli mm hg torr torricelli water .0295 atm/ft # Implies `feet water' barye dyne/cm2 air 6.6083e-5 atm/foot # At 60 deg.F; Implies `feet air' # Work and energy Joule newton-meter joule Joule J joule footpound ft-lbf # foot-pound won't work, because `pound' is a mass calorie 4.186 J cal calorie kcal kilocalorie britishthermalunit 1054.8 J btu britishthermalunit erg dyne-cm # Kilowatt-hour (kWh) will be implied by `Watt'. # Power Watt J/sec watt Watt W Watt horsepower 550 ft-lbf/s # Electric potential Volt W/amp volt Volt V Volt abvolt 1|100 microvolt statvolt 2.997930e10 V # Frequency cycle 1 # For `cycles per second' Hertz cycles per second Hz Hertz hz Hz # Inductance Henry volt s/amp henry Henry H Henry abhenry 1.0e-9 henry Henries Henry # For plural henries Henry stathenry 8.987584e11 henries stathenries stathenry # Etc. Weber volt s weber Weber Wb weber Tesla Wb/m2 tesla Tesla T tesla Oersted 1|4 pi kiloamp/m oersted Oersted Oe oersted Maxwell 1.0e-8 Wb maxwell Maxwell Mx Maxwell Gauss 1.0e-4 T gauss Gauss # We won't use G for Gauss because it is more important to # use it for the universal gravitational constant # Capacitance # `farad' is *not* an abbreviation for `Faraday' as far as I can tell. farad amp sec / volt F farad abfarad 1.0e9 farad statfarad 1.112646e-13 farad # Resistance Ohm volt/amp ohm Ohm abohm 1.0e-9 ohm statohm 8.987584e11 Ohms # Conductance mho 1/ohm abmho 1/abohm Siemens mho siemens Siemens # Misc Angstrom 1.0e-10 m angstrom Angstrom G 6.67259e-11 N m2/kg2 # Newton gravitational constant NIST19990301 lightyear light year # Common abbreviation eV e V # Electron volts ev eV kev kiloeV Mev megaeV Gev gigaeV Tev teraeV energy c2 # You can ask for `1 gram energy' and get # the amount of energy equivalent to # 1 gram according to e=mc2. # Check: 1amu energy == 931.16 Mev? Franklin (10/c) C cm/sec Fr Franklin franklin Franklin Biot 10 amp Bi Biot biot Biot # Viscosity - Maybe someone who understands this better can check. poise g/(cm s) # Named after M. Poiseuille rhe 1/poise reyn (lbf s)/in2 # Kinematic viscosity = viscosity per unit density stoke cm2/s # Refrigeration - Maybe someone who understands this better can check. refrigeration 288000 btu/ton ice tons refrigeration / 2009.1 lb # Light # The candela is fundamental here. Prior to 1979, it was defined as # the luminous intensity of a black body at the temperature of # solidification of platinum, whose radiating surface is 1/60 cm2. It # is now the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source # that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540e12 Hz and that # has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1|683 W/sr cd candela sr steradian lumen candela sr lm lumen lux lm/m2 lx lux candlepower 12.566370 lumens candle candela # ``International standard candle'' Hefner 0.90 candles # This was the German standard in early C20. hefner Hefner Lambert lm/cm2 lambert Lambert footcandle lm/ft2 # NOT the same as foot-candle. phot 1.0e4 lx stilb candle/m2 # Same as a pi lambert # Various important physical constants # I got this stuff from physics.nist.gov on 19990301. h 6.6260755e-27 erg-sec # Planck's constant hbar h/(2 pi) plancklength 1.61605e-35 m planckmass 2.17671e-8 kg plancktime 5.39056e-44 sec # Let's reserve `Planck' for a while longer until I can decide if # they'd be useful in `planck time' etc. permeability 4*pi*1.0e-7 H/m # Magnetic permeability of vacuum constant permittivity 8.854187817e-12 F/m # Electric permittivity of vacuum constant protonmass 1.6726231e-27 kg neutronmass 1.6749286e-27 kg electronmass 9.1093897e-31 kg finestructure 7.29735308e-3 # Rl # Electron charge is up above under `electrostatic'. # There's no reason to get too obscure here because if someone wants # they can make up an `obscure physical constants' file that # physiscists could load in if they wanted to. So I've omitted stuff # like the magnetic moment of the muon. # ANGULAR rad radian circle 2 pi radians revolution circle # For revolutions / sec rev revolution rpm revolutions per minute quadrant 1|4 circle degree 1|360 circle arcminute 1|60 degree arcsecond 1|60 arcminute arcmin arcminute arcsec arcsecond sphere 4 pi steradians grade 1|100 quadrant grad grade # PAPER quire 50 sheets ream 10 quires # INFORMATION byte 8 bits nybble half byte kbyte 1024 bytes # `kilobyte' means 1000 bytes # Don't use `K'; that's for Kelvins. kb kbyte Kb kbyte KB kbyte mbyte 1024 kbytes # `megabyte' means 1000000 bytes meg mbyte kbit 1024 bits Kbit kbit mbit 1024 kbits Mbit mbit baud bit/sec # Not strictly correct # MONEY # # Conversions accurate only as of 25 November 1996. # $ dollar usdollar $ usd $ us$ $ $us $ US$ $ $US $ cent 1|100 $ Australia.dollar 0.8123$ AUS$ Australia.dollar Austria.schilling 0.09438$ Belgium.franc 0.03223$ Brazil.real 0.9709$ British.pound 1.681$ pound.sterling British.pound sterling British.pound Canada.dollar 0.7468$ Can$ Canada.dollar Cayman.currency 1.22$ Denmark.krone 0.173$ krone Denmark.krone EuropeanCommunityUnit.ECU 1.278$ ECU EuropeanCommunityUnit.ECU ecu ECU Finland.markka 0.2203$ markka Finland.markka France.franc 0.1963$ franc France.franc Germany.mark 0.6647$ DM Germany.mark Deutschmark DM mark DM Greece.drachma 0.004216$ drachma Greece.drachma HongKong.dollar 0.1294$ HK$ HongKong.dollar India.rupee 0.02797$ rupee India.rupee Ireland.punt 1.684$ punt Ireland.punt Israel.shekel 0.3623$ shekel Israel.shekel Italy.lira 0.0006655$ Japan.yen 0.008976$ yen Japan.yen Kenya.shilling 0.02376$ Malaysia.dollar 0.397$ Mexico.peso 0.1269$ peso Mexico.peso Morocco.dirham 0.1248$ dirham Morocco.dirham Netherlands.guilder 0.5924$ guilder Netherlands.guilder NewZealand.dollar 0.7153$ NZ$ NewZealand.dollar Norway.krone 0.1576$ krone Norway.krone Portugal.escudo 0.006577$ escudo Portugal.escudo Senegal.CFAfranc 0.002019$ SouthAfrica.rand 0.2169$ rand SouthAfrica.rand Spain.peseta 0.007896$ peseta Spain.peseta Sweden.krona 0.1513$ krona Sweden.krona Switzerland.franc 0.788$ swissfranc Switzerland.franc Swissfranc Switzerland.franc Turkey.lira 1.3e-05$ # Old-style Brit money. Did I omit anything interesting? sovereign sterling shilling 1|20 sterling penny 1|12 shilling pence penny farthing 1|4 penny hapenny half penny twopence two pence tuppence two pence thruppence 3 pence threepence 3 pence sixpence 6 pence crown 5 shillings # Implies `half crown' guinea 21 shillings florin 2 shillings # 18th century French coinage. References: # http://home.nordnet.fr/~jlmorel/mesures.html and reverse-engineered # from The Three Musketeers # 20011227 Thomas R Wyant III livre franc ### 3 Musketeers has francs! ### Now, you too can convert Louis d'Or to U.S. Dollars! sou 1|20 livre crown 3 livres # It's ecu in French, not to be confused with ECU. pistole 10 livres double 2 # 3 Musketeers refers to double pistoles, so ... louis 24 livres ### Now if only I had good definitions for reals and doubloons ... # For `register tons' register 100 ft3/ton registerton register ton # What's missing? # bequerel (nucleotide radioactivity): Bq = k/s k=1?? # gray (absorbed dose): Gy = k J/kg k=1?? # sievert (dose equivalent): Sv = k J/kg k=1?? # curie: Ci = 3.3e10 Bq # roentgen: R = 2.58e-4 C/kg # rad: rad = centigray # rem: rem = centisievert